Journal of Medicinal Chemistry and Toxicology Journal of Medicinal Chemistry and Toxicology Journal of Medicinal Chemistry and Toxicology Journal of Medicinal Chemistry and Toxicology 2575-808XOmmega Online PublishersNew Jersey, USA274210.15436/2575-808X.19.2742Research ArticleSynergistic ingestion of tramadol, calabash chalk (nzu), cigarette, alcohol and codeine: its impact on the renal and hepatic function of male humansSynergistic ingestion of tramadol, calabash chalk (nzu), cigarette, alcohol and codeine: its impact on the renal and hepatic function of male humansTAMUNO-BOMAODINGA1Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Science Rivers State University Nigeria2Department of Medical Biochemistry College of Medical Sciences Rivers State University Nigeria 3Department of Medical Laboratory Science Faculty of Science Rivers State University Nigeria nbsp 4Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Rivers State University NigeriaEditor* E-mail: Bomaodinga@gmail.com
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
2020280720204106072020230720202020Creative Commons Attribution LicenseThis is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.The abuse of drugs and substances by youths globally has become a cause for great concern as it does not just lead them to detrimental acts of violence but also affects the health of the consumers This study investigated the effect of ingestion of a mixture of tramadol calabash chalk cigarette alcohol and codeine on the renal and hepatic function of male humans The subjects were young males of age range 18-25 years 40 of which have been exposed to the mixture for over one year this group served as the Addict group The non-addicts group were 40 young males of 18-25 years that have never been exposed to the substances and drugs Blood samples were collected from respondents into EDTA and plain bottles and analysed in the laboratory for Blood urea nitrogen BUN Creatinine and Blood electrolytes Sodium Na Potassium K Chloride Cl- and Bicarbonate HCO3 - as indicators of renal function while the hepatic biomarkers were Aspartate aminotransferase AST Alanine aminotransferase ALT Alkaline phosphatase ALP Total protein TP Albumin ALB Total Bilirubin TB and Conjugated Bilirubin CB The results obtained revealed a distinct variation between the addict subjects and the non-addict subjects in all parameters analysed Na showed a statistical significant difference between the addict subjects and non-addict subjects The study therefore submitsthat the synergistic intake of tramadol calabash chalk cigarette alcohol and codeine altered the renal and hepatic function of male humans adversely and reduces the haemostatic function of the renal cells 10