Affiliation

¹Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science Rivers State University, Nigeria
²Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medical Sciences, Rivers State University, Nigeria
³Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Science, Rivers State University, Nigeria  
⁴Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Rivers State University, Nigeria

Corresponding Author

Odinga Tamuno-Boma, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Rivers State University. E-mail: Bomaodinga@gmail.com

Citation

Odinga, T., et al. Synergistic Ingestion of Tramadol, Calabash Chalk (Nzu), Cigarette, Alcohol and Codeine: It’s Impact on the Renal and Hepatic Function of Male Humans(2018) J Med Chem Toxicol 4(1): 1-5.

Copy rights

© 2019 Odinga, T. This is an Open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Abstract

The abuse of drugs and substances by youths globally has become a cause for great concern as it does not just lead them to detrimental acts of violence, but also affects the health of the consumers. This study investigated the effect of ingestion of a mixture of tramadol, calabash chalk, cigarette, alcohol and codeine on the renal and hepatic function of male humans. The subjects were young males of age range 18-25 years, 40 of which have been exposed to the mixture for over one year, this group served as the Addict group. The non-addicts group were 40 young males of 18-25 years that have never been exposed to the substances and drugs. Blood samples were collected from respondents into EDTA and plain bottles and analysed in the laboratory for Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), Creatinine, and Blood electrolytes (Sodium (Na+ ), Potassium (K+ ), Chloride (Cl- ) and Bicarbonate (HCO3 - ), as indicators of renal function, while the hepatic biomarkers were Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Total protein (TP), Albumin (ALB), Total Bilirubin (TB) and Conjugated Bilirubin (CB). The results obtained revealed a distinct variation between the addict subjects and the non-addict subjects in all parameters analysed. Na+ showed a statistical significant difference between the addict subjects and non-addict subjects. The study therefore submitsthat the synergistic intake of tramadol, calabash chalk, cigarette, alcohol and codeine altered the renal and hepatic function of male humans adversely and reduces the haemostatic function of the renal cells.